To read more about the efficacy our ingredients, please read these articles about each specific one: Alpha-Lipoic Acid: 1.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20456443 2.https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2269217 Brightlette: 1. https://www.lipotec.com/en/news-and-agenda/what-s-new/new-launch-brighlette-trade-marine-ingredient-step-by-step-to-perfectly-even-skin-tone/ 2. https://news.brown.edu/articles/2016/05/pigment Sesamol: 1.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4744993/ 2.https://www.fasebj.org/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1062.1 Alpha-Arbutin: 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15056856 2. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0177330 Licorice Root Extract: 1. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf020935u 2.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1998.tb00494.x EXTREMELY IMPORTANT: HOW TO USE: For Step 1, put 2 drops directly over the iris up to 4 times a day. Tilt head back and blink 3-4 times to increase absorption. Wait 1 hour before administering Step 2 (This waiting period is extremely important because it enables the Alpha-Lipoic Acid to optimize eye tissue permeability). For Step 2, put 2 drops over the iris after waiting 1 hour after applying Step 1. Do this up to 4 times a day. Tilt head back and blink 3-4 times to increase absorption. For safety and storage, be sure to keep bottle tightly sealed at all times at room temperature. Keep out of children's reach. If you are a contact lens wearer, please remove them prior to drop application. Please use our product within 2 months of opening. It is highly recommended to use the drops 2-4 times a day. To extend the shelf life of the drops, you can refrigerate the drops. Be sure to keep them out of direct sunlight and to shake the product thoroughly before administering.