In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed west and stumbled on an unknown continent that came to be called America. Seven years later a book was published in Spain that instantly became a national best

The Celestina

In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed west and stumbled on an unknown continent that came to be called America. Seven years later a book was published in Spain that instantly became a national best seller, running through more than one hundred editions in the following century. It was so popular that, as one well-respected scholar has said: â€œThere could have been no one who was capable of reading who did not read La Celestina.â€ It is amusing to imagine that Columbus and his men, after returning to their homeland, very likely read this book or attended public readings of it. And that likelihood only increases when we remember that the explorers of the western coast of this New World were avid readers of other Spanish works, and named a large body of land after a fictional region found in another novel of that same time, calling it â€œCalifornia.â€
La Celestina, published anonymously in 1499, in later editions revealed the author as one Fernando de Rojas, a descendant of Jewish converts to Christianity and student at the University of Salamanca, who tells us that he â€œfoundâ€ the first act and completed the rest of it during fifteen days of vacation from his studies. It first appeared with sixteen acts, and later with twenty-one, the additional acts being written at the request of the authorâ€™s friends. Rojas finished his studies and became a lawyer in the nearby town of Talavera. He married, had several children, eventually became Lord Mayor of the town, and died in 1541. To our knowledge he never wrote another work.
Written during the rich flowering of the Renaissance, La Celestina contains not only references to figures of Greek and Roman culture, but also shows the influence of courtly literature. Alongside this, and towering over this, is a plot that carries with it tragedy of the type found later in Romeo and Juliet, along with ribald comedy. There is, for instance, the hilarious scene where the shy servant, Parmeno, addresses the prostitute, Areusa, with courtly phrases: â€œMy lady, God keep your charming presence.â€ And she replies in the same tone: â€œGentle Sir, I bid you welcome.â€ All this just before he hops into bed with her. Later the stable-boy, Sosia, acts much the same way with this same prostitute that he sees as a very beautiful woman. He describes his meeting with her: â€œbless me but I was ready to give it to her two or three times. Except that I was overcome with shameâ€¦ When she moved around, she gave off a smell of musk perfume, while I stank of the manure I had on my shoes.â€ Centurio, the cowardly braggart, explains to the girls the entire â€œrepertoireâ€ of swordplay (â€œseven hundred and seventy types of deathâ€) that he could use to take revenge on Calisto, and as soon as they leave, he finds a way to do nothing at all. And then come the tragic elements that begin with the murder of Celestina, the beheading of Calistoâ€™s servants, the accidental death of Calisto, and Melibeaâ€™s speech to her father before she leaps to her own death on the stones below.

La Celestina was almost immediately translated into French, Italian, German, English and Latin. The success of this work has continued down to the present day, with new translations appearing in Czech, Croatian, Hebrew, Dutch, Hungarian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian and Russian during just one twenty-five year period in the twentieth century. The present translation, while faithful to the original in every respect, has been rendered into contemporary English in the hope of giving the modern reader the same pleasure as that experienced by the reader of sixteenth century Spain.
This edition contains endnotes explaining proverbs and classical figures found interspersed through the text, and is richly illustrated with woodcuts from the editions of Burgos, 1499, Toledo, 1500, and Valencia, 1514. The cover is from a painting by Francisco de Goya, entitled â€œMaja and Celestina on a Balcony.â€

Country	USA
Author	Fernando De Rojas
Binding	Kindle Edition
Edition	1
Format	Kindle eBook
IsAdultProduct
Label	RSR Publications
Manufacturer	RSR Publications
NumberOfPages	333
PublicationDate	2013-05-08
Publisher	RSR Publications
ReleaseDate	2013-05-08
Studio	RSR Publications

The Celestina

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